Signifikansi Simbolisme Kepala dalam Arsitektur Candi Jawa
The cultural richness of Java is reflected in its ancient temples, where symbolism plays a crucial role in understanding the underlying philosophy and beliefs. One such symbol, often overlooked, is the head, which holds a significant place in the architectural design of Javanese temples. This article will delve into the significance of head symbolism in Javanese temple architecture.
The Head as a Symbol of Authority
In Javanese temple architecture, the head is often used as a symbol of authority and power. This is evident in the design of temple gateways and entrances, where giant Kala heads are prominently displayed. Kala, in Hindu mythology, is a time-eating monster, symbolizing the impermanence of all things. The Kala head, with its wide-open mouth, is believed to devour all evil and impurities before one enters the sacred temple space, thus asserting the authority of the divine.
The Head as a Symbol of Knowledge
The head is also a symbol of knowledge and wisdom in Javanese temple architecture. This is seen in the depiction of Brahma, the Hindu god of creation, who is often portrayed with four heads. Each head represents one of the four Vedas, the ancient Hindu scriptures, signifying Brahma's supreme knowledge. Similarly, the Buddha statues in Borobudur temple are shown with ushnisha, a protrusion on the head, symbolizing the expanded wisdom attained through enlightenment.
The Head as a Symbol of Connection
The head, particularly the crown or the top of the head, is seen as a point of connection between the human and the divine in Javanese temple architecture. This is evident in the design of the temple roofs, which are often tiered and culminate in a crown-like structure. This design is believed to represent the cosmic mountain, Meru, connecting the earthly realm with the heavenly abode. The crown of the temple, like the crown of the head, is thus seen as a point of divine connection.
The Head as a Symbol of Protection
In Javanese temple architecture, the head also serves as a symbol of protection. This is seen in the depiction of guardian figures or Dvarapalas, who are often shown with fierce expressions and large, prominent heads. These figures are placed at the entrance of temples, serving as protectors of the sacred space. The exaggerated size of their heads is believed to symbolize their heightened awareness and vigilance, providing protection against any potential threats.
In conclusion, the symbolism of the head in Javanese temple architecture is multifaceted, representing authority, knowledge, connection, and protection. It serves as a testament to the profound philosophical and spiritual beliefs of the Javanese people, reflected in their architectural designs. Understanding this symbolism not only enriches our appreciation of Javanese temple architecture but also provides insights into the cultural and spiritual heritage of Java.