Keadilan dan Kewajiban dalam Surat An-Nisa Ayat 11: Sebuah Tinjauan Hukum Islam
The concept of justice and obligation is fundamental to Islamic jurisprudence, and the Quran provides numerous verses that illuminate these principles. One such verse is Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, which offers a profound insight into the divine mandate for fairness and responsibility. This verse, often referred to as the "verse of inheritance," outlines the specific proportions of inheritance that should be allocated to different family members, emphasizing the importance of equitable distribution and the fulfillment of familial obligations. This article will delve into the legal implications of Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, exploring the principles of justice and obligation as they relate to Islamic inheritance law.
The Divine Mandate for Justice in Inheritance
Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, states: "Allah instructs you concerning your children: for the male, the equivalent of the share of two females. If there are only daughters, two or more, they inherit two-thirds of the inheritance; if there is only one, she inherits half. For your parents, to each one of them a sixth of the inheritance if you have children. But if you have no children and your parents inherit, your mother gets one-third. If you have siblings, your mother gets one-sixth. After the payment of any bequest he may have made or any debt, [this is the law]. Your parents and your children, you know not which of them is nearer to you in benefit. This is a decree from Allah. Indeed, Allah is Knowing and Wise." This verse establishes a clear framework for inheritance distribution, ensuring that each heir receives their rightful share based on their relationship to the deceased. The verse emphasizes the importance of fairness and equity in inheritance, ensuring that no one is unjustly deprived of their due.
The Principle of Proportionality in Inheritance
The verse highlights the principle of proportionality in inheritance, where the shares are allocated based on the relationship of the heir to the deceased. For example, a male heir receives twice the share of a female heir, reflecting the traditional societal roles and responsibilities assigned to men and women in Islamic society. This principle is not intended to be discriminatory but rather reflects the different roles and responsibilities that men and women traditionally assumed in Islamic society. The verse also specifies the shares for parents, siblings, and other relatives, ensuring that each individual receives their rightful portion based on their relationship to the deceased.
The Importance of Fulfillment of Obligations
Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, also emphasizes the importance of fulfilling obligations to family members. The verse states that parents are entitled to a share of the inheritance, highlighting the importance of honoring and respecting one's parents. This obligation extends beyond financial support and encompasses emotional and spiritual care as well. The verse also emphasizes the importance of fulfilling any bequests or debts that the deceased may have left behind, ensuring that their financial obligations are met.
The Role of Justice in Maintaining Social Harmony
The principles of justice and obligation outlined in Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, are crucial for maintaining social harmony and stability. By ensuring that inheritance is distributed fairly and equitably, the verse helps to prevent disputes and conflicts among family members. It also promotes a sense of responsibility and accountability, encouraging individuals to fulfill their obligations to their loved ones.
Conclusion
Surat An-Nisa, verse 11, provides a comprehensive framework for Islamic inheritance law, emphasizing the principles of justice, proportionality, and obligation. The verse highlights the importance of fairness and equity in distributing inheritance, ensuring that each heir receives their rightful share based on their relationship to the deceased. It also emphasizes the importance of fulfilling obligations to family members, particularly parents, and honoring any bequests or debts left behind. By upholding these principles, Muslims can ensure that inheritance is distributed fairly and equitably, promoting social harmony and stability within the community.