Konsep 8 Penjuru Mata Angin dalam Arsitektur Tradisional Indonesia
The concept of eight cardinal directions, known as "delapan penjuru mata angin" in Indonesian, holds a significant place in traditional Indonesian architecture. This ancient wisdom, deeply rooted in the belief system and cultural practices of the archipelago, has shaped the design and orientation of countless structures throughout history. From the majestic temples of ancient kingdoms to the humble homes of ordinary people, the eight cardinal directions have served as a guiding principle, influencing not only the physical layout but also the spiritual and symbolic significance of these buildings. This article delves into the fascinating world of "delapan penjuru mata angin" and explores its profound impact on traditional Indonesian architecture.
The Significance of Eight Cardinal Directions
The concept of eight cardinal directions is deeply intertwined with the belief in the balance and harmony of the universe. In traditional Indonesian cosmology, the world is perceived as a microcosm of the cosmos, with each direction representing a specific element, deity, and spiritual force. The eight cardinal directions are:
* North (Utara): Associated with the element of water, the color black, and the deity Batara Kala, the guardian of the north.
* Northeast (Timur Laut): Associated with the element of wood, the color green, and the deity Batara Guru, the king of the gods.
* East (Timur): Associated with the element of wood, the color green, and the deity Surya, the sun god.
* Southeast (Tenggara): Associated with the element of fire, the color red, and the deity Agni, the fire god.
* South (Selatan): Associated with the element of fire, the color red, and the deity Yama, the god of death.
* Southwest (Barat Daya): Associated with the element of earth, the color yellow, and the deity Prithvi, the earth goddess.
* West (Barat): Associated with the element of metal, the color white, and the deity Chandra, the moon god.
* Northwest (Barat Laut): Associated with the element of metal, the color white, and the deity Vayu, the wind god.
The Application of Eight Cardinal Directions in Architecture
The eight cardinal directions are incorporated into traditional Indonesian architecture in various ways. One common practice is the orientation of buildings based on the direction of the sun. Homes are often designed to face east, allowing sunlight to enter the living spaces in the morning, while the west side is typically reserved for kitchens and other areas that require less sunlight. This orientation not only provides natural lighting and ventilation but also aligns with the belief that the east is the direction of the rising sun, symbolizing new beginnings and prosperity.
Another important aspect is the placement of sacred spaces within the building. Temples and mosques are often oriented towards the east, facing the direction of Mecca, the holiest city in Islam. This orientation reflects the importance of prayer and the connection to the divine.
The Symbolic Significance of Eight Cardinal Directions
Beyond their practical applications, the eight cardinal directions also hold profound symbolic significance in traditional Indonesian architecture. Each direction is associated with specific qualities, virtues, and spiritual forces that influence the design and meaning of the building. For example, the north is often associated with wisdom, knowledge, and spiritual growth, while the south is associated with strength, power, and protection.
The placement of doors, windows, and other architectural elements is also carefully considered in relation to the eight cardinal directions. Doors are often placed on the east side of the house, symbolizing the entrance of good fortune and prosperity. Windows are often placed on the north and south sides, allowing for natural ventilation and the flow of positive energy.
The Legacy of Eight Cardinal Directions
The concept of eight cardinal directions continues to influence contemporary Indonesian architecture, albeit in a more subtle and nuanced way. While modern buildings may not always be explicitly oriented based on the eight cardinal directions, the principles of balance, harmony, and spiritual connection remain relevant. Architects and designers often incorporate elements of traditional Indonesian architecture, such as the use of natural materials, the emphasis on open spaces, and the integration of traditional motifs, to create buildings that are both functional and aesthetically pleasing.
The legacy of "delapan penjuru mata angin" is a testament to the enduring wisdom and cultural heritage of Indonesia. It serves as a reminder of the deep connection between humans and the natural world, and the importance of living in harmony with the universe.