Tinea Favosa: Tinjauan Literatur dan Implikasi Klinis
Tinea favosa, also known as favus, is a chronic, inflammatory fungal infection of the scalp, skin, and nails. It is caused by the dermatophyte fungus *Trichophyton schoenleinii*, which is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects. This infection is characterized by the formation of scutula, yellowish, cup-shaped crusts that adhere firmly to the scalp. While less common than other forms of tinea, tinea favosa can have significant implications for both physical and mental health. This article will delve into the literature surrounding tinea favosa, exploring its clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and potential complications.
Etiology and Transmission
Tinea favosa is primarily caused by the dermatophyte fungus *Trichophyton schoenleinii*. This fungus thrives in warm, humid environments and can survive for extended periods on contaminated surfaces. Transmission occurs through direct contact with infected individuals or contaminated objects, such as combs, hats, or bedding. The fungus enters the body through hair follicles, causing inflammation and the formation of scutula. The infection is more prevalent in areas with poor hygiene and overcrowding, particularly in developing countries.
Clinical Manifestations
The hallmark feature of tinea favosa is the presence of scutula, which are yellowish, cup-shaped crusts that adhere firmly to the scalp. These scutula are composed of fungal hyphae, inflammatory cells, and keratin debris. They can vary in size and number, and may be accompanied by hair loss, scaling, and itching. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the skin, causing lesions on the face, neck, and trunk. The nails may also become infected, leading to thickening, discoloration, and distortion.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of tinea favosa is typically based on clinical examination and microscopic examination of the scutula. The scutula are scraped off the scalp and examined under a microscope to identify the characteristic fungal hyphae. A culture of the fungus can also be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Other diagnostic tests, such as a potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation, may be used to rule out other skin conditions.
Treatment
Treatment of tinea favosa typically involves the use of antifungal medications, both topical and systemic. Topical antifungal agents, such as ciclopirox olamine, ketoconazole, and terbinafine, are applied directly to the affected area. Systemic antifungal agents, such as griseofulvin and terbinafine, are taken orally and are more effective in treating severe or widespread infections. Treatment duration varies depending on the severity of the infection and the individual's response to therapy.
Complications
Tinea favosa can lead to several complications, including alopecia (hair loss), scarring, and secondary bacterial infections. The chronic inflammation associated with the infection can damage hair follicles, leading to permanent hair loss. The scutula can also leave behind scars, which can be disfiguring. Secondary bacterial infections can occur due to scratching or the presence of open wounds. In rare cases, tinea favosa can spread to the brain, causing a serious condition known as favus cerebri.
Conclusion
Tinea favosa is a chronic fungal infection that can have significant implications for both physical and mental health. The infection is characterized by the formation of scutula, yellowish, cup-shaped crusts that adhere firmly to the scalp. Diagnosis is typically based on clinical examination and microscopic examination of the scutula. Treatment involves the use of antifungal medications, both topical and systemic. While tinea favosa is less common than other forms of tinea, it is important to recognize and treat this infection promptly to prevent complications. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment can help to minimize the impact of this infection on the individual's well-being.