Konsep Kewajiban dalam Filsafat Driyarkara: Sebuah Tinjauan Kritis
The concept of obligation in philosophy is a complex and multifaceted one, with various thinkers offering diverse perspectives on its nature and scope. Among these thinkers, the Indonesian Jesuit philosopher, Frans Magnis-Suseno, stands out for his unique interpretation of obligation, drawing inspiration from the work of the renowned French philosopher, Jacques Maritain. This essay delves into the concept of obligation as presented by Magnis-Suseno, drawing upon his interpretation of Maritain's philosophy, and critically examines its implications for understanding human responsibility in the contemporary world.
The Foundation of Obligation: A Synthesis of Maritain and Driyarkara
Magnis-Suseno's understanding of obligation is deeply rooted in the philosophical framework of Jacques Maritain, particularly his concept of "natural law." Maritain, a prominent Thomist philosopher, argued that human beings possess an inherent capacity for reason and morality, which guides them towards a natural order of things. This natural order, according to Maritain, is not merely a set of external rules but rather an internal principle that directs human actions towards their ultimate end, which is the realization of their full potential as rational beings. Magnis-Suseno, drawing upon this framework, emphasizes the importance of "natural law" as a foundation for understanding obligation. He argues that human beings, by virtue of their inherent rationality, are capable of recognizing and responding to the demands of this natural order, which in turn gives rise to a sense of obligation.
However, Magnis-Suseno's interpretation of obligation goes beyond a simple adherence to Maritain's Thomistic framework. He incorporates the insights of the Indonesian philosopher, Ramono Mangunwijaya, known as Driyarkara, who emphasized the importance of "transcendence" in human experience. Driyarkara argued that human beings are not merely confined to the realm of the material world but are also capable of transcending their limitations and reaching out to a higher reality. This transcendence, according to Driyarkara, is essential for understanding human freedom and responsibility. Magnis-Suseno, drawing upon Driyarkara's insights, argues that obligation is not merely a matter of external constraints but also a call to transcend our limitations and strive for a higher good.
The Nature of Obligation: A Call to Transcendence
Magnis-Suseno's understanding of obligation, therefore, is not simply a matter of following rules or fulfilling external demands. It is a call to transcend our limitations and strive for a higher good. This transcendence, according to Magnis-Suseno, is not a passive act but an active engagement with the world, a commitment to making a difference in the lives of others. He argues that obligation is not merely a matter of individual responsibility but also a collective responsibility, a shared commitment to building a more just and equitable society.
This understanding of obligation has significant implications for understanding human responsibility in the contemporary world. In a world characterized by increasing globalization, technological advancements, and social inequalities, the concept of obligation takes on a new urgency. Magnis-Suseno's emphasis on transcendence reminds us that our responsibility extends beyond our immediate surroundings and encompasses the well-being of all humanity. It calls upon us to engage with the world in a spirit of solidarity and compassion, striving to create a more just and equitable future for all.
The Challenge of Obligation: Balancing Freedom and Responsibility
However, the concept of obligation also presents a significant challenge. How can we reconcile the demands of obligation with the need for individual freedom? Magnis-Suseno acknowledges this tension, arguing that obligation is not a constraint on freedom but rather a condition for its realization. He argues that true freedom is not simply the absence of constraints but the ability to act in accordance with our highest values and aspirations. This requires a conscious effort to understand and respond to the demands of obligation, to embrace our responsibility to others and to strive for a more just and equitable world.
In conclusion, Magnis-Suseno's concept of obligation, drawing upon the insights of Maritain and Driyarkara, offers a nuanced and insightful perspective on human responsibility. It emphasizes the importance of transcendence, the need for a collective commitment to building a more just and equitable society, and the challenge of balancing freedom with responsibility. This framework provides a valuable lens for understanding the complexities of human obligation in the contemporary world, reminding us of our shared responsibility to create a more just and sustainable future for all.