Mengenal 17 Pupuh Sunda: Struktur, Fungsi, dan Contohnya
The world of Sundanese literature is rich and diverse, with a long and fascinating history. One of the most captivating aspects of this tradition is the use of *pupuh*, a unique system of poetic forms that adds depth and beauty to Sundanese verse. These *pupuh* are not merely structures for arranging words; they are intricate frameworks that carry meaning, emotion, and even social context. This article delves into the world of *pupuh*, exploring the 17 distinct forms, their structures, functions, and illustrative examples.
Understanding the Essence of *Pupuh*
*Pupuh* are the building blocks of Sundanese poetry, each with its own distinct rhythm, rhyme scheme, and thematic associations. They are not simply poetic meters; they are integral to the very essence of Sundanese literature. Each *pupuh* has a specific name, a set number of stanzas, and a unique pattern of syllables and rhymes. This intricate system allows for a wide range of expression, from the lyrical and romantic to the epic and dramatic.
The 17 *Pupuh* Forms: A Detailed Exploration
The 17 *pupuh* forms are categorized into three groups: *pupuh* with four stanzas, *pupuh* with five stanzas, and *pupuh* with seven stanzas. Each *pupuh* has a unique name, structure, and function.
1. *Pupuh* with Four Stanzas
* Asmarandana: This *pupuh* is known for its gentle and romantic tone, often used to express love and longing. It has four stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Kinanti: This *pupuh* is characterized by its solemn and reflective tone, often used for philosophical or spiritual themes. It has four stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Durma: This *pupuh* is known for its lively and energetic tone, often used for stories of adventure and heroism. It has four stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Pangkur: This *pupuh* is characterized by its melancholic and introspective tone, often used for expressing sadness or regret. It has four stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Sinom: This *pupuh* is known for its dignified and formal tone, often used for religious or historical narratives. It has four stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
2. *Pupuh* with Five Stanzas
* Dangdanggula: This *pupuh* is characterized by its playful and humorous tone, often used for lighthearted stories or social commentary. It has five stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Gambuh: This *pupuh* is known for its lyrical and romantic tone, often used for expressing love and longing. It has five stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Juru: This *pupuh* is characterized by its solemn and reflective tone, often used for philosophical or spiritual themes. It has five stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Maskumambang: This *pupuh* is known for its lively and energetic tone, often used for stories of adventure and heroism. It has five stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Megatruh: This *pupuh* is characterized by its melancholic and introspective tone, often used for expressing sadness or regret. It has five stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
3. *Pupuh* with Seven Stanzas
* Balakbak: This *pupuh* is known for its dignified and formal tone, often used for religious or historical narratives. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Gugur Gunung: This *pupuh* is characterized by its solemn and reflective tone, often used for philosophical or spiritual themes. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Guritan: This *pupuh* is known for its lyrical and romantic tone, often used for expressing love and longing. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Janggawara: This *pupuh* is characterized by its playful and humorous tone, often used for lighthearted stories or social commentary. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Mijil: This *pupuh* is known for its lively and energetic tone, often used for stories of adventure and heroism. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Pucung: This *pupuh* is characterized by its melancholic and introspective tone, often used for expressing sadness or regret. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
* Wulangreh: This *pupuh* is known for its didactic and instructive tone, often used for teaching moral lessons or providing guidance. It has seven stanzas, each with eight syllables. The rhyme scheme is AABB.
Examples of *Pupuh* in Sundanese Literature
The beauty and power of *pupuh* are best appreciated through examples from actual Sundanese literature. Here are a few examples:
* Asmarandana: The *pupuh* *Asmarandana* is often used in love poems, expressing the longing and desire of the speaker. One famous example is the poem "Asmarandana" by R.A. Kartini, which beautifully captures the essence of romantic love.
* Sinom: The *pupuh* *Sinom* is often used in religious or historical narratives, providing a sense of solemnity and grandeur. One famous example is the poem "Sinom" by W.R. Supratman, which tells the story of the Indonesian national anthem.
* Dangdanggula: The *pupuh* *Dangdanggula* is often used in humorous or satirical poems, providing a lighthearted and playful tone. One famous example is the poem "Dangdanggula" by S.M. Ardan, which satirizes the follies of human nature.
The Enduring Legacy of *Pupuh*
*Pupuh* are more than just poetic forms; they are a vital part of Sundanese cultural heritage. They embody the language, the values, and the spirit of the Sundanese people. Through their intricate structures and evocative rhythms, *pupuh* continue to inspire and captivate generations of Sundanese poets and readers alike. The study of *pupuh* is not merely an academic pursuit; it is a journey into the heart and soul of Sundanese culture.