Konsep Bawana dalam Sastra Jawa Kuno: Sebuah Tinjauan Historis
The concept of *bawana* in ancient Javanese literature holds a significant place in understanding the worldview and cultural values of the time. *Bawana*, often translated as "world" or "universe," encompasses a multifaceted understanding of the cosmos, encompassing both the physical and spiritual realms. This essay delves into the historical context of *bawana* in ancient Javanese literature, exploring its evolution and significance within the broader framework of Javanese cosmology.
The Cosmic Order of *Bawana*
The concept of *bawana* in ancient Javanese literature is deeply intertwined with the prevailing cosmological beliefs of the time. The universe was perceived as a hierarchical and ordered system, with the divine realm at the apex and the human realm occupying a lower position. *Bawana* was not merely a physical space but a complex tapestry of interconnected realms, each with its own specific characteristics and inhabitants. The *Bawana Agung* (Great World) encompassed all realms, including the *Bumi* (Earth), *Surga* (Heaven), and *Nereka* (Hell). This hierarchical structure reflected the Javanese belief in a divinely ordained order, where every element had its place and purpose.
*Bawana* in Ancient Javanese Literature
The concept of *bawana* is prominently featured in various forms of ancient Javanese literature, including *kakawin* (epic poems), *kidung* (religious hymns), and *babad* (historical chronicles). In *kakawin* such as *Ramayana Kakawin* and *Bharatayuddha Kakawin*, *bawana* is often depicted as a vast and wondrous realm, populated by gods, demons, and humans. These works often explore themes of dharma (righteousness), karma (action and consequence), and the cyclical nature of existence. *Kidung* such as *Kidung Sunda* and *Kidung Panji* often depict *bawana* as a spiritual realm, where the soul journeys after death. These works emphasize the importance of spiritual enlightenment and the pursuit of liberation from the cycle of rebirth. *Babad* such as *Babad Tanah Jawi* and *Babad Diponegoro* often use *bawana* as a metaphor for the political and social landscape of Java. These works explore themes of power, conflict, and the struggle for control over the *bawana*.
The Evolution of *Bawana*
The concept of *bawana* evolved over time, reflecting the changing social and cultural landscape of Java. During the early Hindu-Buddhist period, *bawana* was primarily understood as a cosmic realm governed by divine forces. However, with the rise of Islam in Java, the concept of *bawana* began to incorporate Islamic beliefs and practices. The *Bawana Agung* continued to be a central concept, but it was now understood as a realm governed by Allah, with the Prophet Muhammad as his messenger. This shift in understanding reflected the growing influence of Islam on Javanese culture and worldview.
Conclusion
The concept of *bawana* in ancient Javanese literature provides a valuable window into the worldview and cultural values of the time. It reflects the Javanese belief in a hierarchical and ordered universe, where every element has its place and purpose. *Bawana* encompasses both the physical and spiritual realms, and its meaning evolved over time, reflecting the changing social and cultural landscape of Java. By studying the concept of *bawana*, we gain a deeper understanding of the rich and complex history of Javanese literature and culture.