Konsep Kedaulatan Ke Dalam: Tinjauan Historis dan Filosofis

The concept of internal sovereignty, or *kedaulatan ke dalam* in Indonesian, is a fundamental principle in the realm of political philosophy and international relations. It refers to the supreme authority of a state within its own territory, encompassing its ability to govern its people, enforce laws, and manage its internal affairs without external interference. This concept has evolved over centuries, shaped by historical events, philosophical debates, and the changing dynamics of the international system. This essay delves into the historical and philosophical underpinnings of *kedaulatan ke dalam*, exploring its origins, key thinkers, and its enduring relevance in the contemporary world.

The Genesis of Internal Sovereignty

The notion of internal sovereignty can be traced back to the emergence of the modern nation-state in Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648, which ended the Thirty Years' War, is often cited as a pivotal moment in the development of this concept. The treaty established the principle of state sovereignty, recognizing the right of each state to govern its own affairs without external interference. This principle, known as *cuius regio, eius religio* (whose realm, his religion), granted rulers the authority to determine the religion of their subjects, marking a significant shift from the previous era of religious unity and papal authority.

The Enlightenment and the Rise of Popular Sovereignty

The Enlightenment, a period of intellectual and cultural ferment in Europe during the 18th century, further shaped the concept of internal sovereignty. Thinkers like John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Immanuel Kant emphasized the importance of individual rights and popular sovereignty. Locke's theory of natural rights, which argued that individuals possess inherent rights to life, liberty, and property, provided a philosophical foundation for the idea that government derives its legitimacy from the consent of the governed. Rousseau, in his *Social Contract*, proposed that individuals surrender certain rights to the state in exchange for protection and the benefits of collective governance. Kant, in his *Perpetual Peace*, advocated for a system of international law based on the principles of reason and justice, arguing that states should respect each other's sovereignty and refrain from interfering in each other's internal affairs.

The Challenge of Internal Sovereignty in the 21st Century

In the 21st century, the concept of internal sovereignty faces new challenges in a globalized world. The rise of transnational actors, such as multinational corporations and non-governmental organizations, has blurred the lines between domestic and international affairs. The increasing interconnectedness of economies and societies has led to a growing awareness of shared challenges, such as climate change, terrorism, and pandemics, which require international cooperation. Moreover, the rise of human rights norms and the increasing scrutiny of state actions by international organizations have raised questions about the limits of state sovereignty.

Conclusion

The concept of internal sovereignty has evolved significantly over time, reflecting the changing dynamics of the international system and the evolving understanding of the relationship between states and their citizens. While the principle of state sovereignty remains a cornerstone of international law, its application in the 21st century is increasingly complex and contested. The challenges posed by globalization, transnational actors, and the rise of human rights norms require a nuanced understanding of the concept of internal sovereignty and its implications for the governance of states in a globalized world.