Konstruksi Gender dan Identitas Lelaki dalam Masyarakat Jawa: Studi Kasus 'Lanang'

The concept of masculinity in Javanese society is deeply intertwined with the social construction of gender roles and expectations. This intricate interplay shapes the identity of Javanese men, often referred to as "lanang," and influences their behavior, relationships, and overall perception of themselves within the community. This article delves into the construction of gender and the identity of "lanang" in Javanese society, exploring the various factors that contribute to their unique understanding of masculinity.

The Javanese Concept of "Lanang"

The term "lanang" encompasses more than just biological sex; it represents a complex social construct that defines the ideal Javanese man. This ideal is rooted in a hierarchical social structure where men are expected to embody certain qualities and behaviors. These qualities include strength, stoicism, responsibility, and leadership. "Lanang" are expected to be providers, protectors, and decision-makers within their families and communities. They are often seen as the head of the household, responsible for maintaining order and upholding family honor. This traditional understanding of "lanang" is deeply ingrained in Javanese culture and continues to influence the way men perceive themselves and are perceived by others.

The Role of Culture and Tradition

Javanese culture plays a significant role in shaping the identity of "lanang." Traditional beliefs and practices, passed down through generations, reinforce the expectations associated with masculinity. For instance, the concept of "unggah-ungguh," which emphasizes proper etiquette and respect for elders, is deeply ingrained in Javanese society. This cultural value reinforces the notion of men as authority figures and leaders within the family. Additionally, traditional Javanese art forms, such as wayang kulit (shadow puppet plays), often depict male characters as strong, courageous, and wise, further solidifying the ideal of "lanang."

The Impact of Socialization

Socialization plays a crucial role in shaping the identity of "lanang." From a young age, boys are exposed to specific gender roles and expectations through their families, schools, and communities. They are often encouraged to engage in activities considered "masculine," such as sports, while girls are encouraged to engage in activities considered "feminine," such as cooking and sewing. This gendered socialization process reinforces the traditional understanding of "lanang" and influences their self-perception and behavior.

The Influence of Religion

Religion also plays a significant role in shaping the identity of "lanang" in Javanese society. Islam, the dominant religion in Java, emphasizes the importance of men as providers and protectors of their families. Islamic teachings also emphasize the importance of men as leaders in the community and as role models for their children. These religious beliefs further reinforce the traditional expectations associated with "lanang" and contribute to their understanding of masculinity.

The Evolution of "Lanang"

While the traditional understanding of "lanang" remains prevalent in Javanese society, there is a growing awareness of the need for a more nuanced and inclusive definition of masculinity. The increasing influence of globalization and modernization has led to a shift in societal values and expectations. Young men are increasingly exposed to different perspectives on gender and masculinity, leading to a questioning of traditional norms. This evolution is reflected in the emergence of new forms of masculinity, where men are encouraged to express their emotions, embrace vulnerability, and challenge traditional gender roles.

Conclusion

The construction of gender and the identity of "lanang" in Javanese society is a complex and multifaceted phenomenon. Traditional beliefs, cultural practices, socialization, and religious influences all contribute to the unique understanding of masculinity in this community. While the traditional ideal of "lanang" remains prevalent, there is a growing awareness of the need for a more inclusive and nuanced definition of masculinity. This evolution reflects the changing social landscape and the increasing recognition of the importance of gender equality and diversity.