Sistem Pewarisan Tahta dalam Kerajaan Melayu: Studi Kasus di Kerajaan Johor

The intricate tapestry of Malay history is woven with threads of tradition, power, and succession. One of the most fascinating aspects of this history is the system of royal inheritance, known as *sistem pewarisan tahta*, which governed the transfer of power within Malay kingdoms. This system, deeply rooted in custom and tradition, played a pivotal role in shaping the political landscape of the Malay world. To understand the nuances of *sistem pewarisan tahta*, we can delve into the specific case of the Johor Sultanate, a prominent Malay kingdom that flourished for centuries.

The Principles of *Sistem Pewarisan Tahta*

The *sistem pewarisan tahta* in Malay kingdoms was not a rigid, codified system but rather a complex interplay of tradition, custom, and political realities. The core principle was primogeniture, where the eldest son of the reigning sultan would inherit the throne. However, this principle was often subject to various interpretations and exceptions. For instance, in some cases, the sultan could choose a younger son or even a nephew as his successor if he deemed them more capable or suitable. The sultan's decision was often influenced by factors such as the candidate's age, experience, and political acumen.

The Johor Sultanate: A Case Study

The Johor Sultanate, established in the 16th century, provides a compelling case study of *sistem pewarisan tahta* in action. The early sultans of Johor, such as Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah I, adhered to the principle of primogeniture, passing the throne to their eldest sons. However, as the sultanate grew in power and influence, the succession process became more complex. The rise of powerful factions within the court, coupled with external threats from neighboring kingdoms, often led to disputes over the throne.

The Role of the *Bendahara*

One of the key figures in the Johor Sultanate's succession process was the *Bendahara*, the chief minister. The *Bendahara* wielded significant influence over the sultan and played a crucial role in shaping the succession process. In some cases, the *Bendahara* even used their influence to install their own candidate on the throne. This power struggle between the sultan and the *Bendahara* was a recurring theme in Johor's history, often leading to instability and conflict.

The Impact of *Sistem Pewarisan Tahta*

The *sistem pewarisan tahta* had a profound impact on the political and social landscape of the Johor Sultanate. While it provided a framework for succession, it also created opportunities for power struggles and instability. The constant jockeying for position within the royal family often led to internal divisions and weakened the sultanate's ability to respond to external threats. However, the system also ensured a degree of continuity and stability, as it prevented the emergence of competing claimants to the throne.

Conclusion

The *sistem pewarisan tahta* in the Johor Sultanate, like in other Malay kingdoms, was a complex and dynamic system that reflected the interplay of tradition, power, and political realities. While the principle of primogeniture served as a guiding principle, it was often subject to exceptions and interpretations. The influence of powerful figures like the *Bendahara* and the presence of competing factions within the court added further complexity to the succession process. The *sistem pewarisan tahta* had a significant impact on the political and social landscape of the Johor Sultanate, shaping its history and influencing its trajectory.