Qada dan Qadar: Sebuah Kajian Komparatif dalam Islam dan Kristen

The concepts of divine decree and predestination, often referred to as Qada and Qadar in Islam and predestination in Christianity, have been subjects of intense theological debate and philosophical inquiry for centuries. Both religions grapple with the intricate relationship between human free will and the divine plan, seeking to reconcile the seemingly contradictory notions of human agency and God's omnipotence. This essay delves into a comparative analysis of Qada and Qadar in Islam and predestination in Christianity, exploring their similarities and differences, and examining their implications for human life and faith.

Understanding Qada and Qadar in Islam

In Islam, Qada and Qadar are fundamental doctrines that underpin the belief system. Qada refers to God's absolute decree, encompassing all events that have occurred, are occurring, and will occur. Qadar, on the other hand, signifies God's predetermined measure or apportionment, outlining the specific details and timing of events. The concept of Qada and Qadar emphasizes God's absolute sovereignty and knowledge, asserting that everything happens according to His divine plan. This belief is rooted in the Quranic verses, such as Surah Al-An'am (6:59), which states, "And with Him are the keys of the unseen; none knows them but He. And He knows what is on the land and in the sea. Not a leaf falls but that He knows it. And there is not a grain in the darkness of the earth, nor anything green or dry, but that it is in a clear Book."

Predestination in Christianity

The concept of predestination in Christianity, particularly within Calvinism, shares some similarities with Qada and Qadar in Islam. It posits that God has predetermined the eternal destiny of every individual, choosing some for salvation and others for damnation. This doctrine is often based on the Pauline epistles, particularly Romans 9:11-13, which states, "For the children being not yet born, neither having done any good or evil, that the purpose of God according to election might stand, not of works, but of Him that calleth; It was said unto her, The elder shall serve the younger. As it is written, Jacob have I loved, but Esau have I hated." However, other Christian denominations, such as Arminianism, emphasize the role of free will in salvation, arguing that God's grace is available to all who choose to accept it.

Similarities and Differences

While both Islam and Christianity acknowledge the existence of a divine plan, there are significant differences in their understanding of Qada and Qadar and predestination. In Islam, the emphasis is on God's absolute sovereignty and knowledge, with human free will operating within the framework of His decree. Muslims believe that while God has predetermined all events, humans still have the capacity to make choices and be held accountable for their actions. In contrast, the concept of predestination in Christianity, particularly in its Calvinistic form, places a greater emphasis on God's predetermined choice of individuals for salvation or damnation, potentially limiting the role of human free will.

Implications for Human Life and Faith

The understanding of Qada and Qadar and predestination has profound implications for human life and faith. For Muslims, it fosters a sense of submission and trust in God's plan, encouraging them to accept both good and bad fortune with equanimity. It also emphasizes the importance of striving for good deeds and seeking God's pleasure, knowing that their actions are ultimately part of His divine decree. In Christianity, the concept of predestination can lead to a sense of security and assurance in God's love for those He has chosen, but it can also raise questions about the fairness and justice of God's plan.

Conclusion

The concepts of Qada and Qadar in Islam and predestination in Christianity offer distinct perspectives on the relationship between divine will and human agency. While both religions acknowledge the existence of a divine plan, their interpretations of its nature and implications differ significantly. Understanding these differences is crucial for fostering interfaith dialogue and promoting a deeper appreciation for the diverse ways in which people grapple with the profound questions of life, faith, and destiny.