Durkheim dan Marx: Perbedaan Pandangan tentang Masyarakat dan Keadilan Sosial

The intricate tapestry of human society has captivated thinkers for centuries, prompting diverse perspectives on its nature, function, and the ideal social order. Among the most influential figures in this intellectual discourse are Émile Durkheim and Karl Marx, whose contrasting views on society and social justice continue to resonate in contemporary debates. While both scholars recognized the inherent complexities of social life, their analyses diverged significantly, leading to distinct interpretations of social phenomena and prescriptions for achieving a just society. This essay delves into the contrasting perspectives of Durkheim and Marx, exploring their differing conceptions of society and their respective visions for social justice.

Durkheim's Functionalist Perspective: Society as a Harmonious System

Durkheim, a prominent figure in the development of sociology, viewed society as a complex organism with interconnected parts that function in harmony. His functionalist perspective emphasized the importance of social solidarity and the shared values that bind individuals together. Durkheim argued that society is not simply a collection of individuals but a distinct entity with its own unique characteristics and needs. He believed that social institutions, such as the family, religion, and education, play a crucial role in maintaining social order and stability. These institutions, according to Durkheim, serve essential functions by socializing individuals, regulating behavior, and providing a sense of collective identity.

Marx's Conflict Perspective: Society as a Site of Class Struggle

In stark contrast to Durkheim's functionalist approach, Marx's conflict perspective viewed society as inherently divided by class conflict. He argued that society is structured around the unequal distribution of resources and power, with the ruling class exploiting the working class for its own benefit. Marx saw capitalism as a system that perpetuates inequality and alienation, creating a constant struggle between the bourgeoisie (owners of the means of production) and the proletariat (workers). He believed that this conflict is the driving force of social change, ultimately leading to a revolutionary overthrow of the capitalist system.

Durkheim's Vision of Social Justice: Moral Order and Collective Consciousness

Durkheim's vision of social justice was rooted in the concept of moral order and collective consciousness. He believed that a just society is one that fosters a strong sense of shared values and norms, promoting social cohesion and solidarity. Durkheim argued that social justice is achieved through the collective pursuit of common goals and the recognition of individual rights within the framework of a shared moral code. He emphasized the importance of education and social institutions in shaping individual consciousness and promoting social harmony.

Marx's Vision of Social Justice: Abolition of Class Inequality

Marx's vision of social justice was fundamentally different from Durkheim's. He believed that true justice could only be achieved through the abolition of class inequality and the establishment of a communist society. Marx envisioned a society without private property, where the means of production are owned collectively and the fruits of labor are distributed according to need. He argued that this would eliminate the exploitation and alienation inherent in capitalism, creating a more just and equitable society.

Conclusion: Contrasting Perspectives on Society and Social Justice

The contrasting perspectives of Durkheim and Marx on society and social justice offer valuable insights into the complexities of social life. Durkheim's functionalist approach emphasizes the importance of social solidarity and shared values, while Marx's conflict perspective highlights the inherent inequalities and power struggles within society. While their visions for a just society differ significantly, both scholars recognized the need for social change and the importance of addressing social problems. Their ideas continue to inform contemporary debates on social justice, prompting ongoing discussions about the nature of society and the best ways to achieve a more equitable and just world.