Sistem Politik dan Kekuasaan Kerajaan Makassar: Studi Kasus Kerajaan Gowa

The intricate tapestry of Indonesian history is woven with the threads of numerous kingdoms, each with its unique political system and power dynamics. Among these, the Kingdom of Makassar, particularly the Gowa sub-kingdom, stands out as a fascinating case study of a complex and sophisticated political structure. This article delves into the political system and power dynamics of the Kingdom of Makassar, focusing on the Gowa sub-kingdom, to understand the intricate workings of this influential entity in the archipelago's history.

The Political System of the Kingdom of Makassar

The Kingdom of Makassar, encompassing the Gowa and Tallo sub-kingdoms, was a complex political entity with a hierarchical structure. The king, known as the "Raja," held the highest position of power, wielding absolute authority over the kingdom. The Raja was assisted by a council of advisors, known as the "Arung," who represented different regions and social groups within the kingdom. This council played a crucial role in advising the Raja on matters of governance, policy, and war. The Arung were not merely advisors but also held significant power in their respective regions, acting as local rulers and administrators.

The Power Dynamics of the Gowa Sub-Kingdom

The Gowa sub-kingdom, under the leadership of the "Arung Matowa," emerged as the dominant force within the Kingdom of Makassar. The Arung Matowa, residing in the capital city of Somba Opu, held significant power and influence, often overshadowing the authority of the Raja. This dominance was rooted in the Gowa sub-kingdom's military prowess and economic strength. The Gowa controlled key trade routes and possessed a powerful navy, enabling them to exert control over the surrounding regions and engage in lucrative trade with foreign powers.

The Role of the "Arung" in the Gowa Sub-Kingdom

The "Arung" played a vital role in the Gowa sub-kingdom's political system. They served as local rulers, administering their respective regions and collecting taxes. The Arung also acted as intermediaries between the Arung Matowa and the people, relaying information and grievances. This system of decentralized governance, with the Arung acting as local representatives, ensured stability and efficiency in the administration of the Gowa sub-kingdom.

The Impact of the "Arung" on the Power Dynamics

The presence of the "Arung" within the Gowa sub-kingdom had a significant impact on the power dynamics. While the Arung Matowa held ultimate authority, the Arung's influence and autonomy within their respective regions created a balance of power. This balance prevented the Arung Matowa from becoming an absolute ruler and ensured that the interests of different regions were represented in the decision-making process.

The Legacy of the Kingdom of Makassar

The Kingdom of Makassar, particularly the Gowa sub-kingdom, left a lasting legacy on the history of Indonesia. Its sophisticated political system, with its intricate balance of power and decentralized governance, served as a model for other kingdoms in the region. The Gowa's military prowess and economic strength made it a significant player in regional politics and trade, contributing to the development of the archipelago. While the kingdom eventually fell to Dutch colonial forces, its legacy continues to inspire and inform our understanding of the complex and fascinating history of Indonesia.

The Kingdom of Makassar, particularly the Gowa sub-kingdom, stands as a testament to the intricate and sophisticated political systems that existed in pre-colonial Indonesia. The balance of power between the Raja, the Arung, and the Arung Matowa, coupled with the decentralized governance structure, ensured stability and efficiency in the administration of the kingdom. The Gowa's military and economic strength made it a dominant force in the region, leaving a lasting legacy on the history of Indonesia.