Prinsip Kedaulatan Rakyat dalam Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia: Sebuah Tinjauan Historis dan Konstitusional

The concept of *kedaulatan rakyat* (people's sovereignty) is deeply ingrained in the fabric of the Indonesian nation. It serves as the cornerstone of the Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI), the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia. This principle, enshrined in the 1945 Constitution, signifies the ultimate authority and power residing in the hands of the people. This essay delves into the historical roots and constitutional framework of *kedaulatan rakyat* in Indonesia, exploring its significance in shaping the nation's political landscape.

The Genesis of *Kedaulatan Rakyat* in Indonesia

The notion of *kedaulatan rakyat* in Indonesia can be traced back to the pre-colonial era. Traditional Indonesian societies often practiced forms of participatory governance, where the community played a significant role in decision-making. This participatory spirit was further fueled by the rise of nationalism in the early 20th century, as Indonesians sought to liberate themselves from Dutch colonial rule. The struggle for independence fostered a strong sense of collective identity and a desire for self-determination.

*Kedaulatan Rakyat* in the 1945 Constitution

The 1945 Constitution, adopted shortly after Indonesia's declaration of independence, formally enshrined the principle of *kedaulatan rakyat*. Article 1 of the Constitution unequivocally states, "The state of Indonesia is a sovereign state, a unitary state, a republic, based on the principle of *kedaulatan rakyat*." This article establishes the people as the ultimate source of power, with the government deriving its legitimacy from their consent.

Manifestations of *Kedaulatan Rakyat* in Indonesian Politics

The principle of *kedaulatan rakyat* manifests itself in various aspects of Indonesian politics. The most prominent manifestation is through the system of direct elections. Citizens have the right to elect their representatives at all levels of government, from the village level to the national level. This right to vote empowers the people to hold their elected officials accountable and to influence policy decisions.

Challenges to *Kedaulatan Rakyat*

Despite its constitutional enshrinement, the principle of *kedaulatan rakyat* has faced challenges in Indonesia. One challenge is the issue of political corruption, which can undermine public trust in the government and erode the people's sense of agency. Another challenge is the potential for elite capture, where powerful individuals or groups may manipulate the political system to their advantage, limiting the people's ability to exercise their sovereignty.

Conclusion

The principle of *kedaulatan rakyat* remains a fundamental pillar of the Indonesian state. It serves as a reminder that the people are the ultimate source of power and that the government is accountable to them. While challenges exist, the commitment to *kedaulatan rakyat* continues to shape the political landscape of Indonesia, fostering a sense of national unity and empowering citizens to participate in the democratic process.