The passage is for the following question. Despite the fact that parrots are well known for their long lives and complex cognition, it remains unknown whether the two traits have influenced each other , "The problem has been sourcing good quality data," says Simeon Smeele, a doctoral student at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB)Understanding what has driven parrot longevity is only possible by comparing living parrots. "Comparative life-history studies require large sample sizes to provide certainty.because many processes are a play at once and this creates a lot of variation," says Smeele. To generate an adequate sample size, scientists compiled data from over 130 ,000 individual parrots. This database allowed the team to gain the first reliable estimates of average lifespan of 217 parrot species. The analysis revealed a diversity in life expectancy, ranging from an average of two years for the fig parrot up to an average of 30 years for the scarlet macaw. Next, the team employed a large-scale comparative analysis to determine whether or not parrots' renowned cognitive abilities had any influence on their longevity. They examined two hypotheses: First , that having relatively larger brains enable longer lifespans. Second, that relatively larger brains take longer to grow, and therefore require longer lifespans. These scientists then combined the data and ran models for each hypothesis Their results provide the first support that increased brain size has enabled longer lifespans in parrots. The findings suggest that the parrots with relatively large brains had cognitive capabilities that allowed them to solve problems in the wild that could otherwise kill them, and this intelligence enabled them to live longer lives. Geselfic-haft.(2022). Unravelling the mystery of parrot langevity:Bigger brains have led some species of parrot to live surprisingly long lives,new research shows. Taken on April 14,2022 from www 26.htm. 1) The relationship between parrot longetivity and their complex brain is difficult to determine because A. There is a shortage of scientist. B. There is insufficient time for detailed research. C. Scientist need to collect data from a specific parrot species. D. A high number of living subjects is required for the research. E. The research requires the right amount of data collection. 2) From the first paragraph , it can be predicted that A. We will never how parrots' complex cognition affects how long they live. B. Comparative life-history studies will be used to study animals other than parrots. C. The existence of long-lived parrots with complex cognitions will remain a mystery. D. Collecting high-quality data will always be a challenge in comparative life-history studies. E. Gaining large sample sizes for comparative life-history research will become easier in the future. 3) In relation to paragraph 1, paragraph 2 discusses A. The first step and the result of the study mentioned in paragraph 1. B. Number of samples required to qualify the data told in paragraph 1. C. Data analysis related to the obstacle of research written in paragraph 1. D. Process of collecting the data presented in paragraph 1. E. An action to address the issue raised in paragraph 1. 4) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Parrots are compared in order to determine why they live so long. B. Parrots have a wide range of life expectancy. C. Researchers came up with theories about parrots' brains and their longevity. D. Large-brained parrots may have longer life spans. E. Hundreds of thousands of parrots with different brain sizes are collected by scientist. 5) Based on the last paragraph, it can be inferred that A. Parrots with larger brains outperform those with smaller brains. B. Parrots have intelligence that can make them live longer than other birds. C. Parrots' cognitive capabilities may kill them in the wild. D. Big-brained parrots have cognitive capabilities that help them survive in the wild. E. Further research on parrots' large brain and their long lives is needed to support the current finding.

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The passage is for the following question. Despite the fact that parrots are well known for their long lives and complex cognition, it remains unknown whether the two traits have influenced each other , "The problem has been sourcing good quality data," says Simeon Smeele, a doctoral student at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB)Understanding what has driven parrot longevity is only possible by comparing living parrots. "Comparative life-history studies require large sample sizes to provide certainty.because many processes are a play at once and this creates a lot of variation," says Smeele. To generate an adequate sample size, scientists compiled data from over 130 ,000 individual parrots. This database allowed the team to gain the first reliable estimates of average lifespan of 217 parrot species. The analysis revealed a diversity in life expectancy, ranging from an average of two years for the fig parrot up to an average of 30 years for the scarlet macaw. Next, the team employed a large-scale comparative analysis to determine whether or not parrots' renowned cognitive abilities had any influence on their longevity. They examined two hypotheses: First , that having relatively larger brains enable longer lifespans. Second, that relatively larger brains take longer to grow, and therefore require longer lifespans. These scientists then combined the data and ran models for each hypothesis Their results provide the first support that increased brain size has enabled longer lifespans in parrots. The findings suggest that the parrots with relatively large brains had cognitive capabilities that allowed them to solve problems in the wild that could otherwise kill them, and this intelligence enabled them to live longer lives. Geselfic-haft.(2022). Unravelling the mystery of parrot langevity:Bigger brains have led some species of parrot to live surprisingly long lives,new research shows. Taken on April 14,2022 from www 26.htm. 1) The relationship between parrot longetivity and their complex brain is difficult to determine because A. There is a shortage of scientist. B. There is insufficient time for detailed research. C. Scientist need to collect data from a specific parrot species. D. A high number of living subjects is required for the research. E. The research requires the right amount of data collection. 2) From the first paragraph , it can be predicted that A. We will never how parrots' complex cognition affects how long they live. B. Comparative life-history studies will be used to study animals other than parrots. C. The existence of long-lived parrots with complex cognitions will remain a mystery. D. Collecting high-quality data will always be a challenge in comparative life-history studies. E. Gaining large sample sizes for comparative life-history research will become easier in the future. 3) In relation to paragraph 1, paragraph 2 discusses A. The first step and the result of the study mentioned in paragraph 1. B. Number of samples required to qualify the data told in paragraph 1. C. Data analysis related to the obstacle of research written in paragraph 1. D. Process of collecting the data presented in paragraph 1. E. An action to address the issue raised in paragraph 1. 4) Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? A. Parrots are compared in order to determine why they live so long. B. Parrots have a wide range of life expectancy. C. Researchers came up with theories about parrots' brains and their longevity. D. Large-brained parrots may have longer life spans. E. Hundreds of thousands of parrots with different brain sizes are collected by scientist. 5) Based on the last paragraph, it can be inferred that A. Parrots with larger brains outperform those with smaller brains. B. Parrots have intelligence that can make them live longer than other birds. C. Parrots' cognitive capabilities may kill them in the wild. D. Big-brained parrots have cognitive capabilities that help them survive in the wild. E. Further research on parrots' large brain and their long lives is needed to support the current finding.

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Answer 1

1. D. A high number of living subjects is required for the research.

The passage explicitly states that comparative life-history studies "require large sample sizes to provide certainty." This directly addresses the difficulty in determining the relationship between longevity and brain complexity. Options A, B, C, and E are not explicitly mentioned as primary obstacles in the passage.

2. E. Gaining large sample sizes for comparative life-history research will become easier in the future.

While the passage highlights the difficulty of obtaining large sample sizes, it doesn't suggest this will *always* be a problem (D). The successful compilation of data from over 130,000 parrots suggests future research might be easier. Options A, B, and C are contradicted by the passage's overall positive outcome. Option D is too strong a claim.

3. E. An action to address the issue raised in paragraph 1.

Paragraph 1 identifies the challenge of obtaining sufficient data. Paragraph 2 describes the researchers' solution: compiling a large database of parrot data. This directly addresses the problem mentioned in the first paragraph. The other options are too narrow or inaccurate descriptions of the relationship between the paragraphs.

4. E. Hundreds of thousands of parrots with different brain sizes are collected by scientists.

The passage states that data was compiled from over 130,000 individual parrots. It doesn't say that these parrots were *collected* by the scientists, nor does it specify that they had different brain sizes. The passage focuses on the data collected, not the physical collection of the birds themselves. The other statements are supported by the passage.

5. D. Big-brained parrots have cognitive capabilities that help them survive in the wild.

The last paragraph concludes that increased brain size is linked to longer lifespans, suggesting that larger brains provide cognitive advantages. These advantages, according to the researchers, allow parrots to solve problems that could otherwise be fatal, leading to increased survival and longevity. Options A, B, and C are not directly supported by the passage. Option E is possible, but the passage presents the findings as a first step, not necessarily requiring further support.

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