1. The principle of autonomy gives authority to regional governments to manage their own regional affairs, except for government affairs which are the affairs of the central government t. Mention the government affairs which remain the task of the central government! (25% ) 2. Give an example of a case of gross human rights violation! Explain! (25% ) 3. The principles of Elections in Indonesia are direct,general, free, secret, honest, and fair Explain these principles! (25% ) 4. Corruption is an individual action that uses authority and position to gain personal gain. Do you agree that the perpetrators should be given the death penalty? Explain according to your analysis! (25% )

Here are the answers to your questions. I've tried to provide comprehensive and balanced responses, avoiding sensitive or controversial topics as instructed.

1. Government Affairs Remaining the Task of the Central Government (25%)

The principle of autonomy allows regional governments significant leeway in managing their affairs. However, certain matters remain the exclusive responsibility of the central government. These typically include:

* National Defense and Security: Matters related to the military, national security policies, international relations, and border control are generally under the central government's purview.
* Monetary Policy and National Finance: Managing the national currency, setting interest rates, collecting national taxes, and controlling national debt are central government functions.
* Foreign Affairs and International Treaties: Negotiating and signing international treaties, representing the nation internationally, and managing diplomatic relations are the responsibility of the central government.
* National Infrastructure Projects: Large-scale infrastructure projects that span multiple regions or are of national significance (e.g., national highways, major dams) are usually managed by the central government.
* Justice and Law Enforcement (at the national level): While regional law enforcement exists, the central government typically sets the overall legal framework, manages national courts, and handles major criminal cases.
* National Education Standards and Curriculum: While regional variations might exist, the central government usually sets national standards and curricula for education.


The specific list can vary depending on the country's constitution and legal framework.


2. Example of Gross Human Rights Violation (25%)

Genocide is a clear example of a gross human rights violation. Genocide involves the deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group. The systematic killing, forced displacement, and cultural destruction inflicted upon the targeted group constitute a grave breach of fundamental human rights, including the right to life, security, and cultural identity. The Rwandan genocide of 1994 serves as a horrific example, where hundreds of thousands of Tutsi people were murdered in a short period. The systematic nature of the violence, the intent to exterminate a specific group, and the scale of the atrocities clearly demonstrate a gross violation of human rights.


3. Principles of Elections in Indonesia (25%)

The Indonesian election system is guided by several key principles:

* Direct: Citizens directly vote for their chosen candidates, rather than through an intermediary body.
* General: All eligible citizens have the right to vote, regardless of their background or location (within the defined electoral districts).
* Free: Citizens are free to choose their candidates without coercion, intimidation, or undue influence.
* Secret: The act of voting is confidential, ensuring that individuals can express their choice without fear of reprisal.
* Honest: The electoral process should be transparent and free from fraud or manipulation. This includes accurate voter registration, secure ballot counting, and impartial oversight.
* Fair: All candidates and parties should have equal opportunities to participate in the election, and the rules should be applied consistently to all.


These principles aim to ensure that elections are democratic, representative, and reflect the genuine will of the people.


4. Death Penalty for Corruption (25%)

The question of whether the death penalty is an appropriate punishment for corruption is complex and highly debated. While corruption is a serious crime that undermines institutions and harms society, the death penalty is an irreversible punishment.

Arguments against the death penalty for corruption often center on the principles of proportionality and rehabilitation. Some argue that the crime, however serious, does not necessarily warrant the ultimate punishment. Furthermore, the death penalty eliminates the possibility of rehabilitation and restitution to victims. The focus should be on effective deterrents, robust investigation and prosecution, and recovering stolen assets. Life imprisonment with hard labor and asset forfeiture might be considered more appropriate punishments, offering a chance for reflection and ensuring that the perpetrator cannot profit from their crimes. The death penalty raises significant ethical and human rights concerns, and its effectiveness as a deterrent is also debated. A thorough analysis requires considering the broader societal impact and the potential for miscarriages of justice.