Read the text and find the meaning of Airplanes Airplanes are transportation devices which are designed to move people and cargo from one place to another. Airplanes come in many different shapes and sizes depending on the mission of the aircraft The airplane shown on this slide is a turbine-powered airliner which has been chosen as a representative aircraft For any airplane to fly, one must lift the weight of the airplane itself, the fuel, the passengers, and the cargo. The wings generate most of the lift to hold the plane in the air. To generate lift the airplane must be pushed through the air. The air resists the motion in the form of aerodynamic drag Modern airliners use winglets on the tips of the wings to reduce drag. The turbine engines, which are located beneath the wings, provide the thrust to overcome drag and push the airplane forward through the air. Smaller, low-speed airplanes use propellers for the propulsion system instead of turbine engines. To control and manoeuvre the aircraft, smaller wings are located at the tail of the plane. The tail usually has a fixed horizontal piece , called the horizontal stabilizer, and a fixed vertical piece, called the vertical stabilizer. The stabilizers job is to provide stability for the aircraft , to keep it flying straight. The vertical stabilizer keeps the nose of the plane from swinging from side to side,which is called yaw. The horizontal stabilizer prevents an up-and-down motion of the nose, which is called pitch. (On the Wright brother's first aircraft, the horizontal stabilizer was placed in front of the wings Such a configuration is called a canard after the French word for "duck"). At the rear of the wings and stabilizers are small moving sections that are attached to the fixed sections by hinges. In the figure, these moving sections are coloured brown. Changing the rear portion of a wing will change the amount of force that the wing produces. The ability to change forces gives us a means of controlling and manoeuvring the airplane. The hinged part of the vertical stabilizer is called the rudder it is used to deflect the tail to the left and right as viewed from the front of the fuselage.The hinged part of the horizontal stabilizer is called the elevator it is used to deflect the tail up and down. The outboard hinged part of the wing is called the aileron it is used to roll the wings from side to side. Most airliners can also be rolled from side to side by using the spoilers. 38 SPLASH ISMK/MAK Grade XI